Prevención de neumonías asociadas a ventilación mecánica en personas hospitalizadas en unidades de cuidados intensivos de adultos: revisión integrativa
Palabras clave:
Neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica, Unidad de Cuidado Intensivos, Estrategias preventivasResumen
Introducción: La neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica tiene una importante relevancia en la investigación dentro del ámbito hospitalario. Aunque existe un creciente interés en evaluar la eficacia de las intervenciones para la prevención de este padecimiento, persisten limitaciones significativas en base a la evidencia clínica.
Objetivo: Desarrollar una revisión sistemática de la literatura para evaluar las estrategias de prevención de neumonías asociadas a ventilación mecánica más efectivas en unidades de cuidados intensivos en adultos.
Métodos: Se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de la literatura siguiendo las directrices PRISMA. La estrategia de búsqueda se realizó en bases de datos como PubMed, Scopus y Scielo, abarcando estudios hasta diciembre de 2023. Tras la selección y evaluación, se incluyeron 12 estudios y se extrajeron datos clave de cada estudio, incluyendo autores, país, diseño, y resultados principales.
Resultados: De los 12 estudios seleccionados, el 91,7% eran ensayos clínicos aleatorizados y controlados, mientras que el 8,3% era un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo. Se evaluaron pacientes con tamaños de muestra entre 44 y 171,237 individuos. Las intervenciones más comunes fueron paquetes de cuidado, medidas de cuidado oral, modificaciones en la posición del paciente y uso de tubos endotraqueales de aleaciones de metales nobles. La mayoría de los estudios (83,3%) mostraron una asociación significativa entre las intervenciones y la incidencia de NAV.
Conclusiones: El estudio destaca la importancia de considerar múltiples intervenciones y la adherencia a los paquetes de cuidado para lograr resultados óptimos lo que favorece la toma de decisiones en este contexto clínico.
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